2023年英汉文化差异和翻译毕业论文(5篇)

英汉文化差异和翻译毕业论文篇三

摘 要：语言和文化是紧密相连、不可分割的，作为语言精华的习语更是沉积了浓厚的历史和民族文化。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息，因此英汉习语翻译常会遇到许多困难。从地理环境、历史背景、风俗习惯和宗教信仰四个方面阐述中英两国文化差异对各自习语形成的影响，并详细说明英汉习语互译中处理这种文化差异的几种常用译法。

关键词：语言；文化；文化差异；习语翻译

一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异

(一)生存环境

自然环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，不同的自然环境对民族文化的形成和发展有着不同的影响。华夏民族生活在广袤肥沃的东亚大陆上，中国自古以来就是农业大国，土地在人 们的生活中就显得至关重要。因此, 汉语中有相当一部分与农业和土地有关的成语。如“斩草除根”“风调雨顺”“山穷水尽”“挥金如土”等。

英国则是一个岛国，四面环水。历史上航海曾居于世界领先地位，因此英语中也就有了许多与水、鱼以及航海有关的习语。如as weak as water(弱不禁风), drink like a fish(豪饮), to miss the boat(错失良机)、all at sea(不知所措)。

在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球北温带，属海洋性气候，报告春天消息的是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》（ode to the west wi nd）正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”、“温和”、“美 好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall i compare thee to asummer’s day? thou are more lovely and more temperate。

(二)历史典故

从一定角度上说，语言是一个民族的文化记忆与沉淀，汉语中大量的习语都是以本民族的历史、经济、文化、传统、习惯等为基础而形成的，具有浓厚的民族文化特色和深远的社会历史渊源，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“赔了夫人又折兵”“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，也有其特定内涵，如achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meetone’s waterloo（一败涂地）、a pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒）、the trojanhorse(特洛伊木马, 出自希腊神话), arrow of cupid(丘比特之箭, 出自罗马神话)。

(三)习俗差异

在中国传统文化中, 龙是一种象征吉利的动物。在封建社会, 龙代表帝王、权威和高贵。因此, 汉语中与龙有关的成语一般都含褒义。如“望子成龙”“龙凤呈祥”“乘龙快婿”等。但在西方神话传说中, dragon 却是一种长着翅膀, 身上有鳞, 拖着一条长长的蛇尾,能够从口中喷火的动物，令人感到恐怖。因此西方人视龙为凶残肆虐之物，应该消灭。另外，狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”等，而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如youare a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日）。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。

(四)宗教信仰

每个民族都有各自的宗教信仰和宗教文化, 它对人们的价值观念和生活习惯的形成以及语言表达有着潜移默化的影响。

在几千年的历史长河中, 中华民族主要信仰佛教与道教。因此, 汉语里有许多与佛教、道教有关的成语，如“借花献佛”“临时抱佛脚”“道高一尺, 魔高一丈”等。另外，中国人还敬奉天神，如“天经地义”“谢天谢地”“天无绝人之路”等。中国历代皇帝也都称自己是“真龙天子”。

在英国等西方国家, 影响最大的宗教是基督教。在西方人心中, god 具有无上的法力。英语成语中也有许多与god 相关的成语。如god helps those who help themselves(天助自助者)，man proposes, god disposes(谋事在人, 成事在天)。诅咒一个人时人们常说god damn you, 危险过后常说thank god或god bless you。基督教的教义《圣经》一直被奉为西方文化的经典。英语中许多成语也正是出于此。如finger on the wall(不祥之兆)，cast one's bread upon the waters(真心行善，不求回报)。

从以上几个方面我们可以看出，文化对习语的影响是深远而广泛的。语言学习者要想正确理解英汉习语并成功地进行英汉习语的互译，就必须首先对英汉两种文化有深刻的了解。

二、英汉习语互译的主要方法

翻译是两种语言之间的转换，而语言和文化的紧密关系要求在语言转换中必须进行文化的转换。鉴于此，译者不能只作字面上的直译，必须深入了解字面背后的文化信息，用原作语言及文化知识理解原作，以自己的理解为依据，用另一种对等语言即译语进行各种转换，为译文读者传递原文精确信息，按“功能对等”原则让“读者同等反映”。因此,习语翻译一方面要尽量将原文的意思用“最贴切、最自然的对等语再现出来”, 用奈达的话说, 即是“the best translation does no t sound like a translation”;另一方面, 还要尽力将原文的文化信息展现于译文读者面前, 使其了解到原文所包含的文化信息。主要方法是：

(一)直译法

所谓直译法，是指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下，在译文中保留原成语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。它适用于一些由于使用的范围广、次数多, 其字面意义和比喻意义已经广泛为译文读者所接受的成语。如a gentleman's agreement(君子协定)；armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿)；to fish in troubled water(浑水摸鱼)；纸老虎(paper tiger)；竹篮打水一场空(draw water in a bamboo basket)。

直译的好处是能够比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但是, 如果直译太多或直译不当, 则容易使读者感到滑稽可笑或莫名其妙, 甚至引起误会或错误联想。如：不到黄河心不死(until all is over, ambition never dies.), 猪八戒倒打一耙(to put blame on one's victim.)“黄河”和“猪八戒”等词汇都含有明显的民族文化特色，如果直译，外国读者一定会百思不得其解，只有以“功能对等”的方式翻译才能在东西方读者中引起与愿意相符的感受。

(二)直译加解释法

为了保留原文所包含的文化信息, 人们更多地采用直译而不是意译, 但由于语言所扎根的文化土壤不同, 直译很可能会引起歧义和模糊。在这种情况下，只有加上合适的注解才能传递原文中的文化信息。例如a don juan(唐璜,意为风流浪子)，to carry coals to new castle(运煤到纽卡索, 指多此一举, 纽卡索—— 英国一产煤中心)，班门弄斧(show off one's proficiency with axe before l u ban, the master carpenter)，东施效颦(the ugly imitates the beautiful in such a destroyed way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse.)。

(三)等值互借法

成语的对等是从三个方面体现出来的, 即比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩。有些英语习语和汉语习语无论是在内容，还是在形式或感情色彩上都比较相近，这时候，习语翻译就可以采用等值互借法, 或称同义习语套用法。这种方法不但可以保留源语的形象、风格, 又符合目标语的语言结构和习惯, 可以让译文读者轻松理解原文所要表达的含义, 从而顺利实现跨文化交流。如burn the boat(破釜沉舟)； greatminds think alike(英雄所见略同)；turn a deaf ear to(充耳不闻)；a drop in the ocean(沧海一粟)。

(四)意译法

意译法指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。当由于文化差异而无法直译, 又无同义习语可以借用，加上解释性文字后又会失去习语精粹的特点，最好避开其文化背景，译出其意义即可。如a skeleton in the cupboard(家丑)、逼上梁山(be forced to do something)、打开天窗说亮话(frankly speaking)、毛遂自荐(to volunteer one's service)。

张 玲：文化差异和习语翻译这种方法还适用于那些运用具体、浅显的比喻来说明比较抽象的事理，且语言生动诙谐的歇后语。如“骑驴看唱本——走着瞧”可译为wait and see，“狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”可译为to snap and snarl at a kind hearted man.三、结束语

英汉各有其自身文化烙印与文化色彩，两者之间存在较大的文化差异。文化对习语的影响是多方面的，英汉习语也不是不可译的。虽然习语翻译特别是那些含有丰富文化信息的习语翻译并没有固定的模式，到底该采用何种方法应根据上下文灵活选择。此外，在翻译过程中，译者绝不可只考虑语言的转换，还应增强文化意识，要从跨文化交际的立场出发，采用适当的翻译方式，尽力消除跨文化交际中因文化差异而导致的交际障碍，达到准确介绍异国文化的目的。

参考文献：

［1］陈定安.英汉修辞与翻译［m］.香港：商务印书馆，1996.［2］平洪,张国扬.英语习语与英美文化［m］.北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1999.［3］胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论［m］.北京: 外语教育与研究出版社,1999.［4］方梦之.翻译新论与实践［m］.青岛: 青岛出版社, 1999.［5］冯庆华.实用翻译教程(增订本)［m］.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.［6］孙会军，郑庆珠.译论研究中的文化转向［j］.中国翻译，2000，（05）.

英汉文化差异和翻译毕业论文篇四

idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui

英汉口译中常用谚语

sharpness can cut through metal.一、常用汉语谚语 15．各人自扫门前雪，哪管他家瓦上霜。

sweep the snow from your own front 1．百花齐放，百家争鸣。

let a hundred flowers blossom and a door，leave the frost on the other man' hundred schools of thought contend．

roof to thaw． 2.搬石头砸自己的脚。16．水能载舟，亦能覆舟。

lifting a rock only to have his own toes

the water that bears the boat is the same swallows it up． 3．宾至如归。17.狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。

when the visitor arrives，it is as if

like the dog that bit lu tungbin一you returning home． bit the hand that feeds you． 4．不到黄河心不死。18.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。

until all is over ambition never dies.a bosom friend afar brings distance near.5．不管三七二十一。19.葫芦里卖的什么药？

no matter what you may 's at the back of it? 6．不人虎穴，焉得虎子。20.既来之，则安之。

how can one get tiger cubs even without

take things as they come． entering the tiger's lair.21．己所不欲，勿施于人。

do not do to others what you would not 7．趁热打铁。

strike while the iron is others do to you． 8.没有不带刺的玫瑰。22.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。

there's no rose without a concentrate on minor matters to the

neglect of major ones.9．成则公侯败则寇。

people may become princes or thieves，23．见贤思齐。

depending on whether they're successful

when you see men of worth，you should or of equaling them.10．大智若愚。24.酒香不怕巷子深。

he knows most who speaks wine needs no bush． 11．但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。25．居安思危。

we wish each other a long life so as to

in time of peace prepare for the beauty of this graceful moon-

26．君子之交淡如水。

a hedge between keeps friendship green· light，even though miles apart.12.独立自主，自力更生。27.路遥知马力，日久见人心。

to maintain independence and keep the

a long road tests a horse's strength and a initiative in our hands and rely on our

long task proves a man's efforts． 28．人言可畏。13．独木不成林。

the tongue is not steel，yet it person cannot accomplish much． 29.民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。

the people are the most important 14.二人同心，其力断金。

if two people are of the same mind，their element in a state；next are the gods of land idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui and grain；least is the ruler himself.30．谋事在人，成事在天。

man proposes，god disposes.31.木已成舟。

the wood is already made into a boat一what's done is done.32．能者多劳。

all lay loads on a willing horse.33．宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。

better die with honor than live with shame．

34．否极泰来。

the extreme of adversity is the beginning of prosperity.35．拼着一身剐，敢把皇帝拉下马。

one who will risk being sliced to pieces dare unsaddle the emperor.36.青出于蓝而胜于蓝。

the pupil outdoes the master.37．清官难断家务事。

not even good officials can settle family troubles．

38.人怕出名猪怕壮。

great honors are great burdens.39.塞翁失马，焉知非福。

nothing so bad，as not to be good for anything.40.三个和尚没水喝。

everybody's business is nobody's business.41．少数服从多数。

the minority is subordinate to the majority.42．少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

a young idler，an old beggar.43.身正不怕影子斜。

a straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe．

44.盛名之下，其实难副。

common fame is a liar.45．盛筵必散。

even the grandest feast must have an end．

46.生于忧患，死于安乐。

life springs from sorrow and calamity，and death from ease and pleasure· 47．失之东隅，收之桑榆。

what we lose in hake we shall have in herring.48．十年树木，百年树人。

it takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people· 49．识时务者为俊杰。

whosoever understands the times is a great man.50．逝者如斯乎！不舍昼夜。

the passage of time is just like the flow of water，which goes on day and night． 51.顺其自然。

let the nature take care of it.52．天生万物，唯人为贵。

man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters． 53．天涯何处无芳草。

there are plenty of fish in the sea.54.为人不做亏心事，半夜不怕鬼敲门。

a clear conscience is a sure card． 55.温故而知新，可以为师矣。

he who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher.56．闻过则喜。

one rejoices when he is told to have a fault.57．无风不起浪。

no smoke without fire． 58．无可奈何花落去。

flowers fall off，do what one may.59．小巫见大巫。

the moon is not seen when the sun shines.60.星星之火，可以燎原。

little chips light great fire． 61．学如逆水行舟，不进则退。

learning is like rowing upstream：not to advance is to drop back． 62．雅俗共赏。

highbrows and lowbrows alike can idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui enjoy.63．眼高手低。

to have grandiose aims but puny abilities． 64．眼见为实。

seeing is believing.65．燕雀安知鸿鹊之志。

a sparrow cannot understand the ambition of a swan． 66.心有余而力不足。

the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak．

67．一寸光阴一寸金。

an inch of time is an inch of gold． 68．一个巴掌拍不响。

it takes two to make a quarrel.69.一回生，二回熟。

first time strangers，second time friends． 70.一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士，天下之善士斯友天下之善士。

a good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community；a good citizen of the world will befriend the other citizens of the world． 71．一招不慎满盘皆输。

one careless move loses the whole game．

72.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。

it is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.73．鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。

two dogs strive for a bone，and a third runs away with it.74．与君一席话，胜读十年书。

one evening's conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten years' study．

75.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。

we widen our views three hundred miles by ascending one flight of stairs.76．欲速则不达。

more haste，less speed． 77.这山望着那山高。

the grass is greener on the other side．

78.真金不怕火炼。

true blue will never stain.79.智者千虑，必有一失。

the best horse stumbles． 80．众人拾柴火焰高。

many hands make light work．

二、常用英语谚语 ．a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。．a bird is known by its note and a man by his talk．

闻啼知鸟，闻言知人。

3．a fall into the pit，a gain in your wit.吃一堑长一智。

4．a good beginning is half the battle.一个良好的开端是成功的一半。5．a rolling stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔。

6．a small leak will sink a great ship．

小洞不堵要沉大船。

7．a wise man tightens his tongue，speaking less than thinking.智者慎言，多思少说。

8．absence makes the heart grow fonder.离得越久想得越甚。

9．actions speak louder than words．

事实胜于雄辩。

10．all is not gold that glitters．

发光的并不都是金子。

11．all the rivers run into the sea；yet the sea is not full．

百川归海而海不盈。12．barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。

13．beggars cannot be choosers.只好给什么就要什么。

14．be slow to promise and quick to perform.慢许诺，快履行。

15．birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分。

16．can not see the wood for the trees.一叶障目，不见泰山。idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 17．can the leopard change his spots！

江山易改，本性难移。18．care kills a cat.忧能伤身。

19．catch not at the shadow and lose the substance．

勿因小失大，舍本逐末。

20．caution is the parent of safety．

小心驶得万年船。

21．constant dropping wears away a stone．

滴水穿石。

22．content is better than riches.知足胜于财富（知足常乐）。23．diamond cut diamond．

强中自有强中手。

24．do in rome as romans do.入乡随俗。．don't put the cart before the horse.切勿本末倒置。26．easy come，easy go·

来得容易去得快。

27．empty vessels make the most noise．

无知的人爱自吹。28．every dog has his day.凡人皆有得意日。

29．every man has his faults.金无足赤，人无完人。30．the style is the man.文如其人。

31．fine feathers make fine birds.人靠衣装，佛靠金装。

32．fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate．

风水轮流转。

33．four eyes see more than two．

集思广益。

34．great minds think alike．

英雄所见略同。

35．great oaks from little acorns grow.合抱之木，生于毫末。

36．half a loaf is better than no bread．

有半块面包总比没有好。37．he who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

38．he who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后，谁就笑得最好。39．if you cannot stand the heat，get out of the kitchen．

怕苦就别干。

40．if you will，you shall be taught.处处留心皆学问。41．ill news comes apace．

好事不出门，坏事传千里。

42．ill workmen often blame their tools.拙工咎器。

43．in a calm sea，every man is a pilot.海面平静，人人都可当舵手。44．in the end things will mend．

车到山前必有路。

45．it's a long lane that has no turning.路必有弯。

46．it never rains but it pours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。

47．jack of all trades，and master of none.门门精通，样样稀松。48．justice has long arms.天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

49．kill two birds with one stone．

一箭双雕。

50．let sleeping dog lie.勿打草惊蛇。

51．let's put all the cards on the table．

让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。52．like father，like son.有其父，必有其子。53．like knows like.英雄识英雄。

54．look before you leap．

三思而后行。

55．lookers-on see more than players.当事者迷，旁观者清。

56．make hay while the sun shines．

趁晴晒草。

57．many hands make light work·

众人拾柴火焰高。

58．many kiss the baby for the nurse's sake.醉翁之意不在酒。idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 59．no smoke without fire.无火不起烟（无风不起浪）。

60．one false move may lose the game．

一招不慎满盘皆输。

61．one is never too late to learn.活到老，学到老。

62．one swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏。

63．out of sight，out of mind.眼不见为净（眼不见，心不烦）。64．practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

65．put the cart before the horse．

本末倒置。

66．reading makes a full man，conference a ready man，and writing an exact man。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。

67．rome was not built in a day.冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。

68．speak of the devil and he will appear.说曹操，曹操到。69．still waters run deep.静水流深。

70．the early bird catches the worm.捷足先登，笨鸟先飞。

71．the finest diamond must be cut.玉不琢，不成器。

72．the higher up，the greater the fall.爬得愈高，跌得愈惨。

73．the longest day must have an end.苦难终有尽头。

74．the parent's life is the child's copy-book．

父母所为，子女之师。

75．the pot calls the kettle black．

五十步笑百步。

76．things done cannot be undone．

木已成舟。

77．time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。

78．too many cooks spoil the broth．

厨师多坏一锅汤。

79．to save time is to lengthen life.节约时间就等于延长生命。80．two heads are better than one.一人不及两人智。

汉英口译常用四字成语

1.爱屋及乌

love me，love my dog． 2.安居乐业

live and work in peace and contentment 3.白头偕老

live in conjugal bliss to a ripe old age 4.百折不挠

be indomitable 5.班门弄斧

display one's slight skill before an expert 6.半途而废

give up half way 7.包罗万象

all-embracing 8.饱经风霜

weather-beaten 9.大吹大擂

talk big 10.大庭广众

in public 11.大义灭亲

place righteousness above family loyalty 12.大智若愚

it is a great ability to be able

conceal one's ability．

得不偿失

the game isn’t worth the candle．

独辟蹊径

blaze a new trial by oneself 红颜薄命

an ill一fated beauty

狡兔三窟

wily hare has three burrows· 礼尚往来

courtesy calls for reciprocity．

抛砖引玉

throw a sprat to catch a whale

人不敷出

be behindhand in one's circumstances

三十而立

a man should be independent at the age of thirty·

喜怒哀乐

the gamut of human feeling 言行一致

suit the action to the word idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 23.24.25.26.一触即发

touch and go 一心一意

heart and soul 一言以蔽之

in a word 一衣带水

a narrow strip of water

27.一意孤行

have everything one's own

way

28.自寻短见

commit suicide

汉英口译常用谚语俗语

1.矮子里拔将军

choose the best person available 2.爱挑的担子不嫌重。a burden of one’s choice is not felt．

3.按下葫芦浮起瓢

solve one problem only to find another cropping up 4.八九不离十

pretty close 5.百尺竿头，更进一步

make still further progress 6.百闻不如一见

seeing is believing． 7.百闻不如一见。one eyewitness is better than ten hearsays．

8.百足之虫，死而不僵

a centipede dies but never falls down．

9.搬起石头砸自己的脚

pick up a stone only to drop it on one' s own feet 10.半路杀出个程咬金。

in half way another man appears and tries to poke his nose into the matter．

11.比上不足，比下有余

worse off than some，better off than many 12.病从口人。a close mouth catches no flies．

13.不打不成交

no discord，no concord． 14.不到长城非好汉

he who has never been to the great wall is not a true man． 15.不到黄河心不死

refuse to give up until all hope is gone 16.不到黄河心不死。

until all is over one’s ambition never dies． 17.不分青红皂白

indiscriminately 18.不敢越雷池一步

dare not go one step beyond the prescribed limit 19.不会撑船怪河弯。a bad workman always blames his tools．

20.不可同日而语

cannot be mentioned

the same breath

不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。it never rains but it pours．

不人虎穴，焉得虎子

how can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger’s lair．

不善始者不善终。a bad beginning makes a bad ending．

不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。a good conscience is a soft pillow．

拆东墙补西墙

rob peter to pay paul· 常在河边走，哪有不湿鞋。touch pitch，and you w川be defiled． 吃小亏占大便宜。

venture a small fish to catch a great one．

吃一堑，长一智。

a fall into the pit，a gain in your wit．

创业容易守业难。it is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open． 聪明一世，糊涂一时。no man is wise at all times．

大事化小，小事化了

reduce a big trouble into a small one and a small one into nothing

大树底下好乘凉。great trees are good for nothing but shade．

呆人有呆福。fools have fortune．

当局者迷，旁观者清。lookers-on see more than players． 道高一尺，魔高一丈。

while the priest climbs a post，the devil climbs ten． 癫蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉aspiring after something one is not worthy of.否极泰来。things at the worst will mend．

富不过三代。great men’s sons seldom idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui well．

各人自扫门前雪，莫管他人瓦上霜

one’s own potatoes

工夫不负有心人

where there is a ，there is a way．

狗眼看人低

be damned snobbish 65.狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。

don't snap and snarl at me when i am trying to do best for you．

棺材里伸手—死要钱。to be greedy for 管中窥豹，可见一斑。you may know a handful the whole sack．

贵人多忘事。great wits have short es．

海底捞月。cry for the moon． 70.海纳百川all rivers run into sea． 害人害己。harm set，harm get． 71.好事不出门，丑事传千里

good news never goes beyond the gate，while bad spreads far and wide． 换汤不换药。a change in form but not in t．

黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，没安好心。

when fox preaches，take care of your geese 机不可失，时不再来。do it now． 75.己所不欲，勿施于人。do as you would be done by． 76.既来之，则安之。take things as they come． 77.家丑不可外扬。

wash your dirty linen at home． 78.家家有本难念的经。there is a skeleton in the cupboard． 79.今日事，今日毕。don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today． 80.金窝银窝不如咱的狗窝。there is no place like home． 81.金无足赤，人无完人gold can’t be pure and man can’t be perfect．

近水楼台先得月first come，first ．

静以修身a light heart lives long．

久旱逢甘霖have a welcome rain after a drought

酒后吐真言。

when wine is in truth，wit is out．

君子之交淡如水a hedge between keeps friendship green．

君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal． 蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。a candle lights others and consumes itself.来而不往非礼也。courtesy on one side only lasts not long．

临时抱佛脚clasp buddha’s feet when in distress

留得青山在，不怕没柴烧where there is life，there is hope．

路遥知马力，日久见人心。time tries all．

每逢佳节倍思亲it is on the festival occasions that one misses his dear most． 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。false friends are worse than bitter enemies．

谋事在人，成事在天

man proposes，god disposes．

逆水行舟，不进则退。he who does not advance loses ground．

宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。better to die in glory than live in dishonor．

爬得高，摔得重。the higher up，the greater the fall．

旁观者清

the onlooker sees most of the game． 鹏蚌相争，渔翁得利。

two dogs strive for a bone，and a third runs away with it． 前事不忘，后事之师。today is yesterday’s pupil．

强中自有强中手。diamond cuts diamond．

巧妇难为无米之炊the cleverest housewife can't cook a meal without rice．

清者自清，浊者自浊。the wise man knows he knows nothing，the fool thinks he knows all．

穷则思变adversity leads to prosperity． idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 84.人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。tit for tat is fair play．

85.人不为己，天诛地灭everyone for himself and the devil take the hindmost． 86.人非圣贤，孰能无过。to err is human． 87.人善被人欺，马善被人骑。if you make yourself an ass，don’t complain if people ride you．

88.人心不足蛇吞象。no man is content． 89.人言可畏。the tongue is not steel，yet it cuts．

90.仁者见仁，智者见智different people have different views．

91.瑞雪兆丰年a snow year，a rich year． 92.若要人不知，除非己莫为。if you don’t wish others to know of it，the only way for you is not to do it．

93.塞翁失马，焉知非福misfortune may be an actual blessing． 94.三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮two heads are better than one．

95.三个和尚没水吃

too many cooks spoil the broth． 96.三天打鱼，两天晒网

blow hot and cold 97.色厉内往a bully is always a coward． 98.山不在高，有仙则名no matter how high the mountain is，its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy·

99.山中无老虎，猴子称大王

among the blind the one-eyed man is king.100.善有善报。do well and have well． 101.上梁不正下梁歪

fish begins to stink at the head．

102.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。a young idler，an old beggar．

103.身正不怕影子斜。a straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe．

104.生米煮成熟饭

what’s done cannot be undone． 105.胜者为王，败者为寇。losers are always in the wrong．

106.失之毫厘，差之千里。a miss is as good as a mile．

107.实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇。

empty vessels make the greatest sound． 108.世上无难事，只要肯攀登where there is

a will，there is a way．

109.事出有因

where there is smoke，there

is fire．

110.树大招风。tall trees catch much wind． 111.水滴石穿，绳锯木断。constant dripping

wears away a stone． 112.说曹操，曹操到。talk of the evil and he’s

sure to appear.113.说时迟，那时快before one second had

passed/at the twinkling of the eye

114.贪多嚼不烂。the eye is bigger than the

belly．

115.天网恢恢，疏而不漏justice has a long

arm．

116.天无绝人之路there is always a way

out．

117.天下没有不散的筵席。all good things

come to an end·

118.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。it is the

unforeseen that always happens．

119.兔子不吃窝边草。the fox preys farthest

from home． 120.无官一身轻。out of office，out of danger.121.五十步笑百步。the pot calls the kettle

black．

122.物以类聚，人以群分。birds of a feather

flock together．

123.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。a stitch in time

saves nine．

124.小心驶得万年船。caution is the parent

of safety．

125.心病还需心药医。habit cures habit． 126.新官上任三把火。

a new broom

sweeps clean.127.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

modesty helps one to go forward，whereas conceit makes one lag behind． 128.眼见为实

seeing is believing．

129.一分钱难倒英雄汉。a man without

money is no man at all．

130.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三

个和尚没水喝。one boy is a boy，two idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui boys half a boy，three boys no boy． 131.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。

a fence needs the support of three stakes，and an able fellow needs the help of three other people．

132.一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。a single flower does not make a spring． 133.一日之计在于晨。an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening· 134.一失足成千古恨。old sin makes new shame．

135.一失足成千古恨。short pleasure，long lament．

136.一心不可二用。no_man can do two things at once．

137.一心不能二用a man cannot spin and reel at the same time．

138.一言既出，驯马难追。a word spoken is past recalling．

139.一叶障目，不见泰山。cannot see the wood for the trees．

140.一着不慎，满盘皆输。one false move may lose the game．

141.遗臭万年a bad thing never dies．

142.有心栽花花不发，无心插柳柳成荫。

many things grow in the garden that were never sown there．

143.又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。

you

can’t eat your cake and have it．

144.远水救不了近火。far water does not put

out near fire．

145.真人不露相，露相非真人。a wise head

makes a close mouth．

146.知音难觅a faithful friend is hard to

find．

147.知足者常乐。content is better than riches 148.纸包不住火。murder will out．

149.众口栋金，积毁销骨。give a dog a bad

name and hang him．

150.众口难调it is hard to please all．

151.众人拾柴火焰高。many hands make

light work．

152.竹篮子打水一场空。pour water into a

sieve．

153.字如其人。the style is the man·

汉英口译常用古代诗句

1.本是同根生，相煎何太急！

grown from same root，o please，why should you burn us hot? 2.不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。of lu mountains we cannot make out the true face，for we are lost in the heart of the very place．

3.采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。

i pick fence-side asters at will；carefree appears the southern hill．

4.朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还。good一bye to the city high in the rosy clouds of dawn．homeward，out the gorges，out today！5.沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。

a thousand sails pass by the side of sunken ship；a myriad flowers bloom ahead of

d tree． 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。in front of my bed the moonlight is very bright．i wonder if that can be frost on the floor? 春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。spring silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart，red candles but when burned up have no tears to shed． 春潮带雨晚来急，野渡无人舟自横。on the spring flood of last night’s rain．the ferry-boat moves as though someone were poling．

春色满园关不住，一枝红杏出墙来。

spring，in the fullness of its glory，is not to be confined．from behind the garden wall out shoots an apricot branch，its blossoms flaming red． idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 10.大漠沙如雪，燕山月似钩。desert sands white as snow，with the moon hanging like a hook over the northern mountains 11.独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。

alone，a lonely stranger in a foreign land，i doubly pine for my kinfolk on holiday．

12.飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天。

the torrent dashes down three thousand feet from on high as if the silver river fell from the blue sky．

13.烽火连三月，家书抵万金。the beacon fire has gone higher and higher；words from household are worth their weight in gold．

14.浮云一别后，流水十年间。since we left one another，floating apart like clouds．ten years have run like water-一till at last we join again．

15.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。if you have friends who know your heart，distance cannot keep you apart．

16.海上生明月，天涯共此时。over the sea the round moon rises bright，and floods the horizon with its silver light．

17.何当共剪西窗烛，却话巴山夜雨时。

when shall we ever snuff candles again，and recall the glad hours of that evening of rain? 18.忽见陌头杨柳色，悔叫夫婿觅封侯。the stir of sprouting foliage beyond the street she saw．regret she’d sent her love to fame rose swelling in her breast．

19.忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。as when a genial breeze in early spring shakes open all the pear-trees’ blossoms white，and somber-looking trees with leafless boughs are decked with radiance in a single night．

20.花间一壶酒，独酌无相亲。an arbor of flowers and a kettle of wine：alas！in the bowers no companion is mine．

21.还君明珠双泪垂，恨不相逢未嫁时。

with your bright pearls i send again twin

as crystal clear．regretting that we had not met ere fortune place me here.黄沙百战穿金甲，不破楼兰终不还。countless battles have been fought on the sands，witness the dents in our armor．we shall smash them yet．see if we don’t before going home． 回头一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。her sparkling eye and merry laughter fascinated every beholder，and among the powder and paint of the harem her loveliness reigned supreme． 会当临绝顶，一览众山小。i must ascend the mountain’s crest；it dwarfs all peaks under my feet．

江畔何人初见月，江月何年初照人？who was he who first stood here and gazed upon the river and the heavenly light? and when did moon and river first behold the solitary watcher in the night? 久在樊笼里，复得返自然。long i lived checked by the bars of a cage：now i have turned again to nature and freedom． 举杯邀明月，对影成三人。the cup i lift；the moon invite；who with my shadow makes us three．

举头望明月，低头思故乡。i lift up my head and look at the full moon，the dazzling moon．i drop my head，and think of the home of old days．

郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。you came riding on hobby一horse astride，and wreathed my bed with great一gage branches o’er．

老骥伏杨，志在千里。

although the stabled steed is old，he dreams to run a thousand 1i．

两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山。the screams of monkeys on either bank had scarcely ceased echoing in my ear when my skiff had left behind it then thousand ranges of hills． 洛阳亲友如相问，一片冰心在玉壶。

if idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui friends in the north should ask if i’m all right，my heart is free of stain as ice in crystal vase．

千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。again we urge，and yet again．and yet for long we urged in vain：emerged the minstrel then，grown mute，hiding her face behind a lute．

前不见古人，后不见来者。念天地之悠悠，独枪然而涕下。men there have been-1 see them not．men there will be--i see them not．the world goes on，world without end．but here and now，alone i stand一in tears． 秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还。the moon rises over this fort on the pass，just as in the days of qin and h here legion after legion has gone forth to war．far out they must be now，hitting hard or hard hit．for none has returned． 曲径通幽处，禅房花木深。as，darkly，by a winding path i reach dhyâna’s hall，hidden midst fir and beech．

劝君更进一杯酒，西出阳关无故人。i would ask you to drink a cup of wine again；west of the sunny pass no more friends will be seen．

人面不知何处去，桃花依旧笑春风。i do not know today where shines the pretty face；only the pretty flowers still smile in vernal breeze．

山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。beyond the hills and rills the path seems lost to sight；a village’s seen’mid shady willows and flowers bright．

身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通。having no wings，i can’t fly to you as i please；our hearts at one，your ears can hear my inner call．

生当复来归，死当长相思。if i live，i shall surely come back to you．if i die，remember that all my thoughts have always been of you． 谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。

each bowl

rice，who knows？is the fruit of hard

toil．

随风潜人夜，润物细无声。soft as the breeze quiet as the night，it soothes the thirsting multitudes．

桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。however deep the lake of peach blossoms may be，it’s not so deep，o wang lun，as your love for me．

停车爱坐枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花。

here i pull up my carriage，entranced．for the twilit mountainside is ablaze with crimson maples more vivid than spring flowers．

同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识！both of us in misfortune go from shore to shore．meeting now，need we have known each other before? 无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。the boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower；the endless river rolls its waves hour after hour．

夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。

what a glorious sunset！it would be perfect if twilight were not to follow．

夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。the setting sun appears sublime，but o，’tis near dying time

窈窕淑女，君子好述。the modest，retiring，virtuous，young lady：一for our prince a good mate she is． 野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。

it can’t be burned up by wild fire，but revives when the spring wind blows． 衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。

i know i’m pining away，but love is worth the pain that comes after．

欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜。west lake may be compared to beauty of the west，whether she is richly adorned or plainly dressed．

欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。to look beyond，unto the farthest horizon，upward！up another storey！idioms and proverbs frequently used in english-chinese interpretation

by zhang wenghui 55.月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。at moonset cry the crows，streaking the frosty sky；dimly-lit fishing boats ’neath maples sadly lie．

56.在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。i swear that we will ever fly like the one-winged birds，or grow united like the tree with branches which twine together． 57.曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云。no water’s wide enough when you have crossed the sea；no cloud is beautiful but that which crowns the peak．

58.正是江南好风景，落花时节又逢君。now，wandering amid such scenic beauty on these southern shores，we chance to meet again，when the flowers are already falling.12

英汉文化差异和翻译毕业论文篇五

关键字：意义 表面 差异 表达 形象 文化 历史 研究 翻译 作用 弯曲 压电 隐含 字面 下的 金属电极 屈曲

习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横和，给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论，对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。

在他的meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（non-natural

meaning）两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义，即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是grice的会话含意（conversational

implicature）理论的基础。那么，由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察，英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发，本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。

一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异

朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”，“它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为：“文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为，英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面：

1、生存环境的差异

习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend

money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on

one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。

在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与

“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall i compare thee to a summer’s

day?/thou art more lovely and more temperate。

2、习俗差异

英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如you

are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），old dog will mot

learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。

3、宗教信仰方面

与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如good

helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。

4、历史典故

英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet

one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒棗灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。

二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法

关于翻译标准，中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”；从瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美国著名的翻译理论家eugene

a·nidar的“功能对等（functional equivalence）”或“动态对等（dynamic equivalence）”，我们可以看出，这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的，虽然侧重点有所不同，但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义，保持原作的风格，忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是，并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义，有的可能只有字面意义，没有形象意义；有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义，但没有隐含意义。尤其是，任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。