最新圆周长教学设计理念 圆周长教学设计人教版
文件夹
人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退,写作可以弥补记忆的不足,将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来,也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢?下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
1、在观察,测量,讨论等活动中经历探索圆的周长公式的过程。
2、理解并掌握圆的周长公式,会用字母表示,能运用周长公式进行计算。
3、体验数学与日常生活的密切联系,了解圆周率的发展史,激发民族自豪感和探索精神。
理解圆周率的意义。
根据教学任务和学生学习的需要,我所准备的教具有直尺、圆形硬纸板、绳子、剪刀、圆周长演示器。多媒体课件。
学生准备的学具有直尺、圆形硬纸板(大中小各一个)、绳子、剪刀。
一、创设情境
1、出示情境图,让学生观察情境图,了解图中的事情,提出谁的车轮转动一周走的远,为什么?
师:那车轮转动一周,谁的车走得远呢?为什么?
学生自由回答
3、揭示车轮周长概念。
4、讨论:车轮的周长和什么有关,有什么关系?
师引入并板书课题:圆的周长。下面我们继续研究,看看圆的周长和直径还有什么关系?
二、自主探索
(一)测量硬币
1、让学生用准备好的材料测量1元硬币和直径和周长。
师:同桌合作,利用手中的材料测量出1元硬币的周长和直径。
学生活动,教师巡视并参与。
2、交流测量结果和方法,注意测量的过程要交流清楚。
3、计算并观察测量的数据,推测硬币的周长与直径之间有什么关系。
我估的硬币的周长大约是直径的3倍。
大胆推算硬币周长与直径的关系。
(二)测量圆片
1、提出做一做的要求,让学生用教师准备好的圆片测量并计算。
2、交流各组测量和计算结果,然后让学生说一说发现了什么?
三个圆的周长都是它直径的三倍多一些
(三)总结圆的周长公式
1、教师介绍圆周率的发展历程,然后交流感受和启发,进行思想教育。
师:看来,任何圆的周长都是它直径的三倍多一些,其实这个倍数是固定不变的数,我们把它叫作圆周率。板书:圆的周长÷直径=圆周率。
师:由于我们在测量时有误差,所以得不到一个固定值。
师:圆周率可用字母π来表示。板书:π
教师范读,学生齐读,并在桌子上试着写一写。
师:我们今天课上研究的圆周率,早在几千年前,我们古人就开始研究了。
板书:π3.14
2、引导学生根据周长÷直径=圆周率,推导出圆的周长公式并用字母表示。
师:根据圆的周长÷直径=圆周率,如何求圆的周长呢?
生:直径×圆周率=圆的周长
师:如果周长用字母“c”表示,直径用“d”表示,谁来总结求圆周长的公式?
生:c=πd师:板书
师:那如果把直径d换成半径r呢?
生:c=2πr师板书
三、简单应用
让学生试着用公式求圆的周长
课件出示(书中例题和镜子实物图。目的:是让学生能够通过看着实物镜子,去理解金属条的长就是镜子的周长。)
学生自己完成,指名板演
集体订正。
四、交流收获
五、布置作业:83页第一题
板书设计:
圆的周长
圆的周长÷直径=圆周率(π≈3.14)
c=πd或c=2πr
3.14×40=125.6(厘米)
答:这根金属条的长至少是125.6厘米。
����1���ú¹û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµè»î¶¯ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����2�����Ⲣ����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£
����3��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä·ï¿½õ¹ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
�������ý½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ì¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ó²ö½ï¿½å¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ó²ö½ï¿½ï¿½(����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½)�����ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³
����1����ê¾ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë�ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ë�ä³ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ô¶ï¿½ø£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ø´ï¿½
����3����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
����4�����û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½
����1����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1ôªó²ï¿½òºï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1ôªó²ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ñ²ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£
����2��������������í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3�����㲢�û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½ó²ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
�����ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����
����������ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
��������������ô²æ¬
����1�������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ê¦×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£
����2��������������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©
�����������ü½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½
����1����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ò»ð´ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ë¾í¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½
�������飺��3.14
����2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½c����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½d����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ë���ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½
��������c=��dê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½d���é°ë¾¶r�ø£ï¿½
��������c=2��rê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ó¦ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
�����î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¾µï¿½ó£ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������嶩����
�����ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½
�����塢������òµï¿½ï¿½83ò³ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½
����������æ£ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14��
����c=��d��c=2��r
����3.14��40=125.6(����)
����������������ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½125.6���ס�
圆的周长
通过帮助学生回忆周长的概念,引出圆周长的概念;接着引出本课研究的问题:圆的周长和直径的关系,通过学生的动手实践活动,得出圆的周长是直径的3.14倍,给出圆周长的计算公式,并介绍了祖冲之和圆周率,最后运用周长公式,加深对公式的理解。
对圆和周长的概念已有初步的认识
1、理解圆周长的概念,理解圆周率的意义。
2、使学生掌握圆周长的计算公式及公式的推导过程。
3、以自主探究、小组讨论、合作的形式,培养学生观察、分析和解决问题的能力。
4.结合圆周率的由来,了解祖冲之的故事,对学生进行爱国主义教育。
圆周长公式的推导。
直尺; 两个有厚度、标明直径、不同规格的圆片;棉线。
1、学生说圆的认识;
(你对圆的知识有哪些了解)
2、揭示课题:
今天我们要一起来学习圆的周长。(板书:圆的周长)
1.认识圆的周长;
(1)师拿出圆片让学生指出圆的周长;
(哪一部分是圆的周长)
(2)描出两个规格不同的圆的周长;感受圆的周长;
(请你描出练习纸上两个圆的周长。)
(哪一个周长长?)
(3)揭示圆周长的概念;
(用自己的话说说什么是圆的周长)
师小结:围成圆的曲线的长叫做圆的周长;
围成圆的一周的长叫做圆的周长。(幻灯出示)
2、理解、运用圆周长的测量方法。
师问:圆的周长长短不一,该怎么测量?
生边演示测量圆片周长,边介绍绳测法。
要求学生测量出两个圆片的周长,并把周长和相应的直径填入记录单中。
学生汇报测量结果,师记录。
圆片测量记录单:
3.探究圆的周长与直径的关系。
(1)猜测跟圆周长相关的量;
(猜测一下,圆的周长长短跟什么量有关?)
计算记录单中周长与直径的比值,得数保留两位小数;
学生反馈比值;
周长(厘米)
直径(厘米)
周长与直径的比值(得数保留两位)
(2)认识圆周率
①揭示圆周率:周长与直径的比值都是3倍多一些,其实这个比值是个固定不变的,我们称它为圆周率,用π表示。
(板书:圆周率 π )
②幻灯片展示圆周率的由来,学生自主阅读;
总结圆周长的计算公式。
①是不是所有圆的周长都需要经过测量而得到呢?有没有较好的计算方法?
提示:从测量记录单中找取。
②如果周长用c表示,字母式是怎样的?
③周长跟半径又是怎样的关系呢?字母式呢?
(板书:圆周长=圆周率×直径 c=πd 或
圆周长=2×圆周率×半径 c=2πr
基本练习
一个圆的直径是10米,它的周长是多少? 一个圆的半径是10米,它的周长是多少? 判断。
只要知道圆的直径或半径就可以计算圆的周长。( ) 大圆的圆周率大,小圆的圆周率小。 ( ) 圆周率的值就是3.14. ( ) 4圆的周长是直径的 倍。 ( ) 能力拼比:
两个小朋友同时同速从a点到b点,谁先到达?
b
a
ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.14��������ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶
1������ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
����2��ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½
����3��������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4.���ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ö±ï¿½ß£ï¿½ �����ðºï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½
��
��
����1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����(���ô²ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ë½ï¿½)
����2����ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£º
������������òªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1.��ê¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ê¦ï¿½ã³ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2������������í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������������ï°ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)
������3����ê¾ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£»
���������ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ëµëµê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£ºî§ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����î§ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½üµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµæ³ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
�����������⡢����ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ê£ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·¨ï¿½ï¿½
����òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½
����ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������.ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������1���â²ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������â²ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½
����ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½
������2����ê¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ù½ï¿½ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ã¦ð±ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
���������飺ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��
�����ú»ãµï¿½æ¬õ¹ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð½ïºãµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½
����������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½c��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
�������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ê½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
���������飺ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½=ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ c=��d ��
����ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½=2��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ c=2��r
����������ï°
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½10�ף������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ä°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½10�ף������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ �ð¶ï¡ï¿½
����ö»òªöªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ð¡ô²ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ �� �� ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.14. �� �� 4ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���� �� �� ����æ´ï¿½è£ï¿½
��������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±í¬ï¿½ù´ï¿½a�㵽b�㣬ë�èµï¿½ï¿½ï£¿
����b
����a
1、使学生理解圆周率的意义,能推导出圆周长的计算公式,并能正确地计算圆的周长。
2、培养学生的观察、比较、分析、综合及动手操作能力。
3、初步学会透过现象看本质的辨证思维方法。
4、结合圆周率的学习,对学生进行爱国主义教育。
教学重点:推导并总结出圆周长的计算公式。
教学难点:深入理解圆周率的意义。
教学准备:电脑课件、测量结果记录、计算器、直尺、直径不同的圆片、实物投影等。
师:老师这里有一张图片,同学们想看吗?
师:请看大屏幕,这是我们学校的直径是9米的圆形水池,为了同学们的安全,学校要在水池的周围安装上护栏,需要多长的护栏呢?你有办法知道吗?
师: 我们看这个水池的边沿是圆形,安装护栏的长度就是圆的周长。如果我们知道了圆的周长,这个问题是不是就解决了?
师:这节课我一起研究圆的周长。
板书课题:圆的周长
1、圆的周长含义
师:请看大屏幕,这是一个圆,谁能看着圆再说一说什么是圆的的周长。
师:围成圆的曲线的长叫做圆的的周长。
2、测量圆的周长 师:怎样才能知道圆的周长是多少呢?师: 请同学们拿出准备好的圆片,你能想办法测量出它的周长吗? 生测量活动,师巡视。
师:谁愿意说说你是怎么测量的?
师:还有不同测量的方法吗?
师多媒体演示。
我们可以在圆片上作个记号,然后把圆片沿着直尺滚动一周,这样就测量出圆片的周长大约是31.5cm。
我们还可以用绳子绕圆片一周,作好记号,然后把绳子拉直,用直尺量出绳子的长度,就得到了圆片的周长也大约是31.5cm。
师:现在同学们都会测量圆的周长了,我们再来看圆形水池,请看大屏幕。请你用刚才的测量方法测量出水池的周长。
生:用绳子量出水池的周长。
师:水池那么大,用绳子子测量太麻烦了,滚动就更不行了。
师:有没有比测量更科学、更简便的方法呢?
生:计算
3、探究圆的周长计算方法
①探究圆的周长与直径的倍数关系
师:如何计算圆的周长呢?
师:我们可以回想一下,计算长方形的周长需要什么条件,怎么计算?
师:计算正方形的周长需要什么条件,怎么计算?
师 :同学们看,计算长方形、正方形的周长都需要一定的条
件,计算圆的周长也一定需要(条件),那这个条件可能是什么呢?圆的周长与什么有关呢?请同学们大胆的猜测一下。
师:如果圆的周长与直径有关,又有什么关系呢?
师 我们再来看,长方形的周长与它的条件长和宽之间有什么关系。
师:正方形的周长与它的条件边长之间有什么关系。
你们看,长方形、正方形的周长都与它们的条件之间存在着倍数关系。我们可以猜测圆的周长与直径之间也存在着(倍数关系)。
这个倍数会是几呢?同学们来猜测一下,这个倍数大于几
生1:大于2;
生2:大于3;
生3:大于4;
师:能说说你是怎样想的?
师:你从图上来看,圆的周长与直径之间的倍数会大于几。
生:直径把圆平均分成了2份,半个圆的曲线的长比直径长,圆的周长与直径之间的倍数一定大于2。
师: 有理有据。我们再来看,圆的周长和直径之间的倍数会小于几呢?
生猜并说理由。
师:这个问题有点难,老师来作个辅助图形,请看大屏幕。
(师多媒体演示圆外切正方形)
师:你发现了什么?
生:正方形的边长与圆的直径相等,正方形的周长是直径的4倍,而圆的周长比正方形的周长小,所以圆的周长与直径之间的倍数小于4。
师:你真聪明。通过同学们的猜想、交流,我们知道圆的周长与直径之间存在着倍数关系,并且这个倍数在2和4之间,到底圆的周长是直径的几倍呢?同学们能不能想办法求出来呢?
生:计算。
师:好,就用同学们这个办法来求。先测量出几个直径不同的圆片的周长,再用圆的周长除以直径,来找出圆的周长与直径之间的倍数。
下面就以小组为单位,利用手中的学具来量一量,算一算,把计算的结果记录在表格内,计算的时候可以请计算器帮忙。 (小组活动,师巡视。)
师:一定注意要测量准确,减少误差。
(集体汇报交流)
师:哪个小组愿意把你们的计算结果给大家展示一下。
(生说并展示结果)
师:请同学们来观察这些圆的周长除以直径的商,有什么特点。
生:都比3大一点。
师:也就是说圆的周长总是直径的3倍多一些。实际上圆的周长除以直径的商是一个固定的数,我们把它叫做圆周率,(板书:圆周率)大家看用这个字母表示,(板书π)。
师:会读吗?(板书pài)
师:一起读,用手在桌子上写几遍。
师:会写了吗?
师:π就是圆的周长除以直径的商,它是一个固定的数,我们再看同学们计算的圆的周长除以直径的商为什么都不一样?
生:测量不准确。
师:很会分析问题,我们计算出的这些商都不一样,是因为测量有
误差造成的。
师:老师这里有关于圆周率的历史资料,同学们想看吗?
师:请看大屏幕。(解说:古今中外,有许多数学家研究圆周率。其中,我国著名的数学家和天文学家祖冲之约在1500年前,计算出π的值在3.1415926和3.1415927之间。成为世界上第一个把圆周率的值的计算精确到小数点后七位小数的人。比国外数学家得到这一精确数值的时间至少要早1000年。)
师:有关圆周率的历史资料还有很多,如果有兴趣,请同学们课下继续搜集,查阅好吗?
师:好了,通过同学们的猜想、测量、计算,我们知道了圆的周长总是直径的π倍。知道了直径,怎么计算圆的周长。
生:圆的周长等于圆周率乘直径。
师:如果用字母c表示,那么c=?
(板书c=πd)
师:如果知道了圆的半径,我们还可以怎样计算圆的周长?
(板书:c=2πd)
师:这两个公式都是圆的周长计算公式,利用它可以计算圆的周长。
由于π是一个无限不循环小数,在计算的时候,一般取两位小数。(板书:π≈3.14)
师:现在我们来解决几个问题好吗?
1、师:请看大屏幕,请你来算算在水池的周围安装护栏需要多长的护栏。生算,集体交流。师评价。
2、老师还有一题,请看大屏幕。(生读,试做,集体交流。)
3、判断题
4、思考题
����
����1��ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹û²ì¡¢ï¿½è½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿´±ï¿½ï¿½êµä±ï¿½ö¤ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4�����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
������ñ§×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½í¶ó°ï¿½è¡ï¿½
����
����
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½9�׵�ô²ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ø£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµä°ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£òªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½à³¤ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ì·¨öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ ���ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½è¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ç¾í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������⣺ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
����
����1��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ë�ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ ��í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���������ê¦ñ²ï¿½ó¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ëô¸ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
�������ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºå£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½31.5cm��
�������ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼çºå£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä³ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½íµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½31.5cm��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸õ²åµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������������ë®ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½é·³ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð±è²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������������
����3��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½
������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¿
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¿
ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ò²ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òª(����)�����������������ê²ã´ï¿½ø£ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç´óµ¨µä²â²ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½
ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
�������ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô²â²ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(������ïµ)��
��������������ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½
������1������2��
������2������3��
������3������4��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2�ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ �����ð¾ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
�������â²ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
�������������îµä±ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½4��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµä²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2��4ö®ï¿½ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
�����������㡣
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¦ï¿½ï¿½ ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ñ²ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
����������㱨������
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½
��������ëµï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã¡£
������������3��ò»ï¿½ã¡£
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½p��i��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¿ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������������׼è·ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������éµä¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ô¼ï¿½ï¿½1500��ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½3.1415926��3.1415927ö®ï¿½ä¡£ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½öµï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¾«è·ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½è¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½1000�ꡣ��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï»ï¿½ï¿½ðºü¶à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµä²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸c��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´c=��
����������c=��d��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ä°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������飺c=2��d��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ú¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ²ï¿½ñ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14��
����
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½×°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½à³¤ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
����2����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ë¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
人教版《义务教育课程标准实验教科书数学》六年级上册第三单元《圆》62-64页的内容。
1、使学生认识圆的周长,掌握圆周率的意义和近似值,初步理解和掌握圆周长的计算公式,能正确计算圆的周长。
2、通过动手操作、实践探究的活动,培养和发展学生的空间观念,提高学生的抽象概括能力,渗透“化曲为直”的数学思想方法;通过小组合作学习,培养学生的合作意识。
3、通过渗透数学文化,培养学生的爱国情怀,激发学生的民族自豪感。
《圆的周长》是六年级数学上册第三单元62至64页的内容。这部分内容是在三年级上册学习了周长的一般概念以及长方形和正方形周长的计算的基础上进一步学习圆的周长的,同时它又是学生初步研究曲线图形的开始,为以后学习圆柱、圆锥等知识打好基础,因而它起着承前启后的作用,是小学几何初步知识教学中的一项重要内容。
因为六年级学生正在经历从具体形象思维向抽象逻辑思维过渡的时期,所以在教学中,我注重从学生已有的知识和生活经验出发,通过自主探究、猜测验证、推导圆的周长计算公式,从而使学生理解公式中的固定值“π”是如何得来的。
教学重点:正确计算圆的周长。
教学难点:理解圆周率的意义,推导圆的周长的计算公式。
教学准备:一套多媒体课件、若干大小不同的圆片、一把直尺、一根绳子、一个计算器
(一)创设情境,提出问题。
师:同学们,20xx年是中国人扬眉吐气的一年,因为上海世博会的成功举办让我们有足够的理由为之骄傲和自豪。虽然世博会已经于10月31日完美落幕,但是,这场规模空前的盛会却创造了7308万人次参观的新纪录。其中,中国馆是众多展馆中的一朵奇葩,深受游客们的喜爱,它的外观好像古代的一顶帽子,因此又被称为“东方之冠”。此外,城市地球馆也得到了中小学生的青睐。同学们,瞧,这是地球馆中的地球模型,它叫“蓝色星球”。如果杨老师绕着它的最大横截面走一圈,大约走多少米呢?(板书课题:圆的周长)
【设计意图:上海世博会这个情境的创设是为了突破教材,以学生的兴趣作为出发点,使学生对新知识的学习充满了热情和渴望,激发学生的探索欲望,为后面的学习做好铺垫。】
(二)自主学习,探究新知。
1、自主探究
(1)熟悉圆的周长的概念。
师:既然求大圆的周长没有好办法,那么我们就把小圆片做为研究对象。同学们,你能自己先摸一摸圆的周长吗?然后用自己的话说一说什么是圆的周长。
(找个别学生示范)
生:圆的周长是指圆一周的长度。
(2)测量圆的周长。
要求学生先独立思考有几种方法,再尝试用自己喜欢的办法去测量圆的周长。
【设计意图:培养学生养成独立思考的思维习惯,提高学生的动手操作能力。】
2、合作交流
在四人小组内交流方法。
【设计意图:小组合作旨在增强学生的合作意识,在此过程中,通过不断的交流、质疑,实现思想的碰撞与思维方式的互补,也使学生逐渐养成学会倾听的好习惯,并在聆听的过程中学会“取”和“舍”,即学会分析。】
3、汇报展示
学生汇报展示滚动法和绳绕法,教师点评:同学们,刚才有的同学用绳子绕圆片一周,这种方法属于绳绕法。还有的学生把圆片沿直尺滚动一周,这种方法我们称之为滚动法。无论是滚动法还是绳绕法,大家都是把我们没学过的圆的周长转化为一条线段,这是一种很重要的数学思想方法——化曲为直。(板书:化曲为直)同学们展示的方法里面一定有你最欣赏的,那么就请大家用你们最欣赏最喜欢的方法同桌合作测量圆的周长,并把测得的数据直接写到圆上。
【设计意图:通过个别学生的展示,使学生深切地体会到“化曲为直”的数学思想方法,从而突出重点,突破难点。】
教师质疑:这些小圆我们可以用类似的方法来测量圆的周长,那么“蓝色星球”最大横截面的周长,再比如赤道的长度,还能用以上这些方法吗?
生:不能。
【设计意图:再次把学生带回课堂伊始的情境中,在质疑中激发学生的学习兴趣,并促使他们产生探究一般方法的迫切愿望。】
4、猜想验证
师:圆的周长与什么有关呢?
生1:与直径有关。
生2:圆的周长与半径有关。
师:孩子们,因为在同一个圆里半径是直径的一半,与半径有关也就是与直径有关,因此这节课我们先来讨论圆的周长与直径的关系。
(2)探讨圆的周长与直径的关系
①小组合作
要求学生以四人小组为单位,由小组长负责分配任务,两人合作测量直径与周长,一人用计算器计算圆的周长与直径的比值,第四个人把相关数据按要求填入表格中。补充完整后,看看有什么发现。
周长直径周长与直径的比值(保留两位小数)
1号圆片
2号圆片
3号圆片
4号圆片
②学习“圆周率”
师:同学们,由于各种原因,不同的圆计算出的周长与直径的比值可能不完全相同,但实际上,这个比值是一个固定不变的数,通常我们称之为“圆周率”,用希腊字母“π”来表示,“π”是一个无限不循环小数,为了计算方便,一般我们只取它的近似数π≈3.14。(板书:圆周率,π≈3.14)
(3)渗透数学文化
师:孩子们,不仅我们发现了圆周率,古人们同样用自己的智慧得出了圆周率的值是多少。【找学生介绍《周髀算经》中与圆的周长相关的内容以及我国古代伟大的数学家和天文学家祖冲之的故事。】听完了刚才两位同学的介绍,你能谈谈自己的想法吗?
【设计意图:数学文化的渗透是为了激发学生的爱国情怀,从小培养学生的民族自豪感。】
5、推导公式
师:同学们,刚才我们已经知道了圆的周长始终是直径的π倍,而且知道了圆周率是个常量,如果已知直径,怎样求圆的周长呢?
生:圆的周长=直径×圆周率。(板书:圆的周长=直径×圆周率)
师:你能用字母表示圆的周长计算公式吗?
生:c=πd。(板书公式:c=πd)
师:如果已知半径呢?
生:c=2πr。(板书公式: c=2πr)
师:为什么呢?
生:因为直径是半径的2倍。
师:孩子们,就让我们带着满满的收获,再次看看“蓝色星球”吧!已知“蓝色星球”最大的横截面的直径是32米,如果杨老师绕着它的最大横截面走一圈,大约走多少米呢?要求大家先认真审题,然后把你的过程写到练习本上。
【设计意图:再次回到蓝色星球的情境中,运用新的知识解决问题,首尾呼应,使整节课完整而有序。】
(三)巩固新知,解决问题
1、世博会不仅汇聚了各具特色的展馆,还有一些纪念品也给游客留下了深刻的印象,比如这款金镶玉挂件,其中玉的半径是1.5厘米,如果在玉的一周镶一层金边,那么需要多长的金边?
2、菲利斯大转盘每节车厢旋转一周大约是251.2米,那么它的直径是多少米?
3、课件上所展示的是世博会众多花圃中的一个,如果给这个花圃加上栅栏,需要几米长的栅栏?
【设计意图:这三道习题是从基础练到拓展练的跨越,让学生在掌握了新内容的基础上,用所学的知识来解决生活当中的实际问题,培养学生的应用意识。】
结束语:同学们,虽然我们没有以设计者的身份参与到世博会的建设中,但是我们可以做自己人生的设计师,去建设属于你们的美丽新世界。
板书设计:
圆的周长
化曲为直
圆的周长=直径×圆周率 π≈3.14
c=πd或c=2πr
本课的教学设计以上海世博会作为一条主线,贯穿课堂的始终,体现在以下四个方面:首先,在创设情境时,我在理解教材的基础上,激活教材,创造性地使用教材,以学生的兴趣作为出发点,激发学生的探索欲望,为后面的学习做好铺垫。其次,学生经过自主探究、合作、展示等教学活动,使学生深切地体会到“化曲为直”的数学思想方法,与此同时,我向学生提出质疑,以相同的方法测量赤道的长度,在质疑中激发学生的学习兴趣,并促使学生产生探究一般方法的迫切愿望。第三,学生通过小组合作的形式验证猜想,在理解了圆的周长与直径的关系及圆周率的基础上,推导出圆的周长的计算公式,第三次回到情景中,使学生在掌握新内容的基础上,解决实际问题,培养学生的应用意识。最后,在巩固新知解决问题的环节中,以世博会为背景,设计了三道不同层次的练习题,这三道题实现了从基础练到拓展练的跨越,提高学生发现信息、解决问题的能力。
在真正的教学过程中,我发现世博会的情境导入吸引了学生的注意,并对新知识产生了浓厚的兴趣。由于前面“圆的认识”的成功铺垫,因此本节课学生通过动手操作、自主探究、合作交流、展示等活动,理解了“化曲为直”的数学思想方法。在推导公式的过程中,因为亲自经历了小组内探讨圆的周长与直径的关系的过程,所以学生能较为容易地推导出圆的周长计算公式。另外,我及时对学生的发言进行点拨、激励,比如当学生展示巧妙的方法时我赞扬学生的想法有创意,进一步提高了学生积极学习的主动性,使学生体验到获得成功的乐趣。
课后,吴老师的精彩点拨,使我对本课的教学有了新的认识,比如:在对学生的表达进行评价时,艺术性稍显不足,另外,我对课堂的掌控和把握能力还需要提高。虽然对教材进行了较为深入地分析,但还没做到彻底地理解。
在未来的工作中,我将弥补以上不足之处,提高个人理论素养,使自己的教学趋于完美。
����
�����ë½ì°æ¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ì±ï¿½×¼êµï¿½ï¿½ì¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½62-64ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����
����1��ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����3��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����
������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôª62��64ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½â²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµä¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ôºï¿½ñ§ï°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²×¶ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����
������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ê±ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ø´ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹«ê½ï¿½ðµä¹ì¶ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½×¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½20xx�����ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ù°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½10��31��������ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½â³¡ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ê¢ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½7308���ë´î²î¹ûµï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ã±ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµäµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡±¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£ï¿½ï¿½
��������������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½
����1������ì½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����ï¤ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ã»ï¿½ðºã°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾í°ï¿½ð¡ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ëµò»ëµê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ô²ò»ï¿½üµä³ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½
������2������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2����������
����������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½á¡°è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½á¡±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���㱨õ¹ê¾
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½õ²ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ö®îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ²ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ð¡ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ü¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù´î°ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4��������ö¤
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������1����ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø¡ï¿½
������2��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ð¹ø¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������2��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµ
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½é³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ë°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý°ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ô²æ¬
����2��ô²æ¬
����3��ô²æ¬
����4��ô²æ¬
������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô�ò£¬²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ö®îªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ²ï¿½ñ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ã£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14�������飺ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14��
������3����í¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ûµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½öµï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸õ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»í¬ñ§ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ì¸ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����5���æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½õ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
��������c����d�������鹫ê½ï¿½ï¿½c����d��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������c��2��r�������鹫ê½ï¿½ï¿½ c��2��r��
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ø£ï¿½
����������îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½2����
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½ï¿½ù´î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡±°é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½32�ף��������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù´î»øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡£¡ï¿½
����������������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1�������᲻������ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ó¡ï¿½ó£¬±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½1.5���ף���������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½à³¤ï¿½ä½ï¿½ß£ï¿½
����2������ë¹ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªò»ï¿½ü´ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½251.2�ף���ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?
����3���î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶à»¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµ±ï¿½ðµï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡£
����������æ£ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
��������îªö±
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ð¡ï¿½3.14
����c����d��c��2��r
����
�������îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½á´©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ê¼ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²äµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½è½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»øµï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ð£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½æ¡°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½è»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ðµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµ±ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµ½ï¿½ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
�����îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½êµã²¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ò¶ô±ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ºï¿½ú¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ò¶ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½æ¿øºí°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ô½ì²ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
������î´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
本节课的教学内容是六年级“圆的周长”,教学确立基础与发展并重的教学目标,着眼点不仅仅关注学生有没有理解圆周长的意义。能不能运用公式计算圆的周长,而是如何来激疑,把学生身边的问题数学化,并以“问题”为主线,通过“猜想——验证”“探索——发现”来展开学生探索知识的发生发展过程,促使学生主动探索,从而发现知识的一些规律和方法,并努力为学生提供解决实际问题的机会,在实际运用中培养学生的创新意识。
1、创设情景学生通过猜想、尝试、验证、掌握圆周率的近似值,理解和掌握圆周长公式,并能正确运用计算圆的周长和解答有关简单的实际问题。
2、结合教学内容进行爱国主义教育,激发学生民族自豪感。
3、培养学生大胆猜想、勤于思考、勇于探索的优良品质。
教学重点:掌握理解圆的周长公式推导过程
a、创设情境·激疑——提出问题
(出示摩托车里程表)(1)师:这里为什么能反映摩托车行的路程呢?
(学生思考后师出示有计数器的跳绳作提示)
(2)师:你们跳过绳吗?你想到了什么?生答:和车轮滚动的圈数有关。
(3)师:你们知道滚动一圈的长度是什么吗?生答:圆的周长。
(4)师:用硬纸板表示车轮,请你摸摸它的周长(揭示课题)。
(5)用直尺测量圆的周长,你感到方便吗?能不能找到比较简便的方法?
设计意图:数学知识来源于生活,从学生熟悉的、感兴趣的事物入手,有利于学生主动探索知识,以往在教学圆周长的过程往往比较注重公式的运用,比如计算圆形水池的周长等等,看似和学生比较贴近,但实际有几个同学看见过圆形的水池,而且计算圆形的水池又有什么作用,这样所谓的实际问题是为了应用而应用,无法激起学生学习的欲望,因此,我设计这样一个情境,摩托车的里程表为什么能反映摩托车行的路程,并引导学生从跳绳的计数器上去思考,把学生身边的问题数学化,为学生提供解决实际问题的机会,使他们感受到所学的知识能运用于生活。
b、师生共同提出假设
(1)请学生回忆正方形周长和边长的关系(边长×4)。
(2)师:能不能求圆周长时也找到这样的倍数关系呢?
(3)师:测量的圆的什么比较方便呢?生答:半径、直径
(4)师:请学生先画几条长短不一的线段作直径画圆
(5)师:观察自己画的圆你发现了什么?
学生仔细观察分小小组讨论研究圆的周长和直径是否存在倍数关系
(6)师:你估计周长是直径的几倍?
学生猜想:生1:3倍左右,生2:2倍左右,生3:5倍左右
(7)师:你有办法验证吗?学生讨论
演示:用绳绕的方法验证(3倍多一点)
设计意图:学生对于关联知识的迁移是很有经验的,比如平行四边形、三角形、梯形面积的计算都是转化成已学过的图形来推导面积计算公式的,求正方形的周长可以用边长乘以4,圆的周长和直径或者半径有没有这样的关系呢?通过学生画大小不同的圆,让学生感到圆的周长和直径可能有一定的倍数关系,在学生的猜想后,通过绳绕的方法加以证明,使学生确信周长和直径存在着一定的倍数关系,到底是3倍多多少呢?是不是一个固定的数?需要通过比较精确的测量、计算才能证明。整个过程是让学生通过“猜想——验证”促使学生积极主动探索知识的。我想“猜想——验证”不仅激发了学生学习的兴趣,而且我认为运用这种数学思想去思考问题正是培养学生创新思想和创新能力的有效途径。
c、探索问题解决的方法·发现——构建新知
(1)师:你还有别的办法研究圆的周长和直径的关系吗?
(可以用绳绕滚动的办法分别测量一些圆的周长)
(2)学生在小小组内动手操作、测量进行验证
直径(厘米)周长(厘米)周长是直径的几倍
26.23倍多一点
39.13倍多一点
412.93倍多一点
(3)小结
a、圆的周长÷直径=3倍多一点经过科学家精密的测量,计算发现这个3倍多一点是一个固定数叫圆周率3.1415926……是一个无限不循环小数,我们在计算时通常取3.14,用字母л表示,(请学生写一写л)
b、结合圆周率进行爱国主义教育
师生共同推导计算圆的周长公式:(c=лd或c=2лr)
d、运用新知识解决数学问题
(1)学生尝试例题求圆的周长
(2)基本练习(略)
设计意图:通过实践、计算,确认圆的周长是直径的三倍多一些,在实践过程培养学生的合作、交流能力,使学生感受到小组合作形成的合力的作用。师生共同推导出求圆周长的计算公式,并通过一些基本题的练习使学生形成基本的技能。
e、评价体验
(1)师:这节课研究了什么?
生1:周长和直径的关系
生2:圆的周长=直径×圆周率,即c=лd或c=2лd
(2)师:(出示一棵古树图片)你能测量它的直径吗?
生答:砍下来量一量
师问:这个方法简单,你们同意吗?学生思考后回答:
生1:用绳子绕一圈,这就是周长然后用周长除以л就得到直径
生2:在古树中间钻个小孔,量一量
生3:用四个木头搭成一个正方形,边长就是直径
(3)师:你能根据今天所学的知识计算你家到学校大约有多远吗?(用计数器的跳绳作提示)学生讨论后回答:
生1:量一量车轮的直径算出周长,再数数车轮转动了几圈,算一算就行了。(师提醒:那不是最安全)
生2:用根长绳让它跟着轮子转
生3:装一个象跳绳一样的计数器,再算一算。
师:对!摩托车的里程表就是根据这个原理,它就像一个乘法运算机器,车轮的周长是固定的,转数是变动的,从你家到学校的距离之所以能显示在里程表上,就是车轮周长乘以转动的圈数得到的。
设计意图:通过学生动手、动脑、动口,自主地探究知识,发现已知直径(半径)求圆周长的方法,并通过一定的基本训练后学生已经形成了一定技能,如何再让这些数学知识回到生活,让学生感到所学的数学知识有用呢?我设计了测量一棵古树的直径和计算你家到学校大约有多远这样两个问题,为学生提供广阔的讨论空间,因为这些问题就在学生的身边,会让学生感到“有想头”、“有意思”,学生也愿意反复讨论这些问题。这样可以点燃学生的创新意识、创造性思维的火花。
1、联系学生生活实际,有利于激发学生学习的兴趣。
华罗庚指出,对数学产生枯乏味、神秘难懂的印象的原因之一便是脱离实际。本节课一开始出示摩托车的里程表,有计数的跳绳,是学生非常熟悉的,贴近学生生活的实际,体会到“圆的周长”和我们的生活是息息相关,大大调动了学生学习的积极性,并为后面学生解决一些实际问题,培养学生的创新意识埋下伏笔。
2、让学生带着问题去学习,有利于学生主动探索知识
美国数学家哈尔莫斯(s)有句名言:问题是数学的心脏。我国著名教育家顾明远也说过“不会提问的学生不是好学生”,“学问就是要学会问”。但是怎样才能让学生感到有问题呢?教师必须启发学生主动想象,去挖掘去追溯问题的源泉,去建立各种联系和关系,使学生意识到问题的存在。我在本节课先创设一个问题情境,使学生感悟到:必须先要知道圆的周长,而直接测量圆的周长很麻烦,有没有更简单的办法?促使学生去寻找解决问题的办法,通过“猜想——验证”“探索——发现”圆周长的计算方法后,又提出测量一棵古树的直径你有什么好主意?如果测量你家到学校的距离你有什么办法?这是两个和学生生活紧密结合的问题,学生有感而发的方法有很多,学生的回答应该说是非常精彩的,这既让学生灵活运用了圆周长公式(可以测量周长再计算直径)并呼应了课堂的导入,又激发了学生的学习兴趣,激活了学生的思维,培养了学生的创新意识。其效果真可谓“鱼与熊掌”兼得。
3、提高应用意识,努力体现课堂教学的开放性。
生活问题数学化,数学知识生活化,把所学的知识应用于生活实际,不但可以使学生感到我们所学的知识是有用的,而且有利于提高学生灵活应用知识的本领,我在本节课的最后部分安排了两个生活问题,并都是“以你……”的语气陈述,努力使学生能身临其境,当解决问题的主人,提高学生的应用意识,由于我们身边的问题答案往往不是唯一的,如计算你家到学校大约有多远?许多同学都想到先数自行车车轮转了多少圈,用周长乘以圈数,对于怎样数车轮有的同学提出直接数,还的同学甚至想到了用一根长绳让它跟着轮子转,看看它转了多少圈(这些都是学生直接的生活经验),也有一些同学提出了在自行车上装一个计数器的办法,不但培养了学生开放型的思维方式,还激发了学生去动动手的愿望。
4、要讨论和研究的问题
(1)在用绳绕的方法验证周长是直径的三倍多一点,有没有必要再让学生去实践,通过计算再验证周长和直径的关系?
(2)如果在发现知识过程中人有一小部分同学得出了方法,教师是想设法再让其他学生继续探究、发现,还是让这些同学代替老师把答案告诉大家呢?
����
�������ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·¢õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµã²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡±îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºí·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½
����
����
����1�������龰ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø¼òµ¥µï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����2����ï½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
����3������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµ¨²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����a�������龳�����é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ê¾ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ü·ï¿½ó³ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
������2��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ººí³ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ø¡ï¿½
������3��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������4��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½
������5����ö±ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½è½ï¼ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ø¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½èµè£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½îµï¿½ë®ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½îµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½þ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ü·ï¿½ó³ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½â·ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
����b��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½í±ß³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4����
������2��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ê±ò²ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½
������3��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½è½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£º°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½
������4��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²
������5��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ
������6��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½1��3�����ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2��2�����ò£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3��5������
������7��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ï¿½ã£©
���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¶¼ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½4��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3��������ø£ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¾ï¿½è·ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ï¿½è¥ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§í¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����c��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª
������1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»¹ï¿½ð±ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
���������������æ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤
����ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����26.23����ò»ï¿½ï¿½
����39.13����ò»ï¿½ï¿½
����412.93����ò»ï¿½ï¿½
������3��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½
����a��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½=3����ò»ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½üµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.1415926������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ²ï¿½ñ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±í¨ï¿½ï¿½è¡3.14������ä¸ï¿½ý±ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð´ò»ð´ï¿½ý£ï¿½
����b�����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½c=��d��c=2��r��
����d��������öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
������2��������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½
���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬è·ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³éµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½
����e����������
������1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
������1���ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµ
������2��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½=ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½c=��d��c=2��d
������2��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ò»ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������𣺿�������ò»ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½
������1����������ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô§ý¾íµãµï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½
������2���ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½
������3�����ä¸ï¿½ä¾í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½
������3��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ø´ï¿½
������1����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½,����������ת���ë¼ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°²è«ï¿½ï¿½
������2���ã¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ª
������3��װò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã¡£
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô����������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ä¶¯ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿õ¼ä£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ò²ô¸ï¿½â·´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½è¼ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ä»ð»¨¡ï¿½
����
����1����ïµñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½
�������þ¸ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý·ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô��ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ä¦ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
����2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶
����������ñ§ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äªë¹ï¿½ï¿s���ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ò²ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ú¾ï¿½è¥×·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½í¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ½£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªöªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µä°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥ñ°ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºü¶à£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ø´ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ç·ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ù¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ãµäµï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½
����3�����ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
��������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²¿·ö°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¨ò»ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½é£©ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×°ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4��òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1���������æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð±ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������2������ú·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ë·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ñ´ð°¸¸ï¿½ï¿½ß´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
1.使学生理解圆周率的意义,能推导出圆周长的计算公式,并能正确的计算圆的周长。
2.通过动手操作,培养学生的观察、比较、分析、综合和主动研究、探索解决问题方法的能力。
3.初步学会透过现象看本质的辨证思想方法。
4.结合圆周率的学习,对学生进行爱国主义教育。
:正确计算圆的周长。
:理解圆周率的意义,推导圆周长的计算公式。
:多媒体课件、系绳的小球。
:塑料圆片、正方形纸板、圆规、剪子、直尺、细绳
一、以旧引新,导入新课
1.复习正方形的周长。
①复习周长的意义。什么叫周长?(学生汇报后,课件演示周长的意义)。
②复习正方形周长的意义。(课件演示小花狗围着正方形跑一圈正方形的周长闪动红色)要求小花狗所跑路程,实际上就是求这个正方形的什么?
2.揭示圆的周长。
(1)(课件演示小白狗围绕圆形跑一圈圆形的周长闪动黄色)要求这只小白狗所跑的路程实际上又是求这个圆的什么?(圆的周长,揭示课题)你能说说什么叫圆的周长吗? (教师完成板书,学生读书)
(2)同位用自己带来的圆形实物互相口述圆的周长。
二、探索圆周长与直径的关系
1、动手操作,合作交流。
师问:我们知道了什么叫圆的周长,那么怎样测量圆的周长呢? 可以用什么工具来测量?
①请同学们拿出你们带来的测量工具,以四人小组为单位,想办法测量你手中圆的周长并做好填表记录,(边量边交流测量方法)让我看哪个小组做得最棒。(教师巡视操作过程)
周长(c)直径(d)周长与直径的关系( )
②请四人小组上台演示操作过程,边操作边说方法。
2、探索圆周长与直径的关系(课件演示填表)
(1)请同学们看屏幕的表格,认真观察比较一下,想一想圆的周长跟什么有关系?
(2)讨论:究竟圆的周长与它的直径有什么关系呢?
(小组汇报)引出圆周率
任何圆的周长总是它的直径长度的3倍多一些。(板书)
3、揭示圆周率的概念。
(1)师:科学家的大量准确测量和精确计算得出,表示这个3倍多一些的数,是一个固定不变的数,这个固定不变的数叫什么?请自学99页第二自然段。(叫做圆周率)什么叫圆周率呢?用哪个字母表示。谁能说一说(指导读写π。)
(2)了解圆周率的历史。(课件演示圆周率的历史,对学生进行思想教育和爱国主义教育。)
关于圆周率还有一段历史呢。请同学们打开书看99页下面小的方字,想:通过看书你知道了什么? 我国古代著名数学家祖冲之在计算圆周率方面做出了什么贡献?这个结果比外国数学家得到这个结果整整早了一千多年,可见我国古代人民的智慧和力量。但随着科学技术发展,外国数学家利用计算机已经计算到小数点后一亿多位,我国现在又落后了。哪我们还有机会超过外国人吗?没错只要我们努力学习将来一定会让中国走在世界前列。
(3)推导圆周长的计算公式。
(1)师:通过刚才的探索,我们已经知道圆的周长与直径的关系了,你能推导出圆周长的计算公式吗?(小组讨论)
(2)学生汇报讨论结果,板书:圆的周长=直径×圆周率
那么要求圆的周长,你必须知道什么?(直径或半径)你会求吗?
4. 应用圆的周长公式,解决简单的应际问题。
出示例1(学生自学并独立完成)。教师检查自学情况,请一名同学上台板演。教师评点。
5看书、质疑
(1)若将例1的直径改为半径,会求它的周长吗?
(2)及时反馈,完成第100页(练一练1、2)。
三、运用新知,解决问题
1.下面的说法对吗?并说明理由。
(1)圆的周长是它直径的π倍。()
(2)大圆的圆周率大于小圆的圆周率。()
(3)π=3.14()
2.解答练习二十一第2题(课件演示)
3.测量一圆形实物直径,计算它的周长。
4、扣展练习
(1)画一个周长12.56厘米的圆
(2)思考题。(课件出示两只蜜蜂分别在一个大圆和两个小圆上走一圈)大圆的周长和两个小圆的周长之和同样长吗?为什么?
四、总结全课,学生互评。
这节课你学到了什么?谁的表现最佳?
圆 的周长
围成圆的曲线的长叫做圆的周长
任何圆的周长总是直径的3倍多一些(圆周率)
例1、一块圆形铝片的直径是5厘米,它的周长是多少?
����
����1.ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2.í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹û²ì¡¢ï¿½è½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûºïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3.����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿´±ï¿½ï¿½êµä±ï¿½ö¤ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4.���ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½
����������ô²æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½å¡¢ô²ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½
����1.��ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ù¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ó£¬¿î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£©ï¿½ï¿½
�����ú¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£(�î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«)òªï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·ï¿½ì£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����2.��ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��(�î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ð¡ï¿½×¹ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ô²ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é«)òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ð¡ï¿½×¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½â·ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½é°ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£©
������2��í¬î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï»¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµ
����1�����ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ������ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¿ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ñ²ï¿½ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½c��ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½d���ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ ��
������������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����í¬ñ§ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½è½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������2�����û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ø£ï¿½
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����îºï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½3����ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£©
����3����ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä¸ï¿½ï¿½î¡£
������1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òµä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¾ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§99ò³ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ë��ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(2)�ë½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½é¿´99ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ �ò¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�é¼ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ûºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµ½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¶ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½á³¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ö»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
������3���æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������1��ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ²åµï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½
������2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½=ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ã´òªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4. ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½1��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£
����5���顢����
������1��������1��ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(2)��ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½100ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½1��2����
��������������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1.�����ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿²ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½
����(1��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(2)��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ô²ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����(3)��=3.14����
����2�������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê®ò»ï¿½ï¿½2�⣨�î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����3.����ò»ô²ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����4����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï°
������1����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½12.56���׵�ô²
������2��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£(�î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½û·ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦)��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
�����ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½è«ï¿½î£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ë�ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½
����ô² ���ü³ï¿½
����î§ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
�����îºï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3����ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½
������1��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5���ף������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½
理解圆周长和圆周率的意义,理解并掌握圆周长的计算方法,并能解决简单的实际问题。
经历猜测、验证、操作等学习活动,探究圆周率的近似值,在这个过程中发展学生的数学思维水平及动手操作能力。
通过了解祖冲之在圆周率方面所作的贡献,渗透爱国主义思想。
教学重点:理解和掌握圆的周长的计算方法。
教学难点:圆周率的探究。
多媒体课件。
1.情境导入,揭示课题。
教师:老师家的菜板有点开裂,你有好办法吗?(课件出示情境图。)
学生:给它加一个箍。
教师:在它的边缘箍上一圈铁皮是个好办法,那么需要多长的铁皮呢?
教师:求铁皮的长度,就是求圆的什么?
学生:求铁皮的长度,也就是求圆的周长。
教师:谁能用自己的话说一说,什么是圆的周长?(板书课题。)
学生:圆一周的长度叫圆的周长。
教师:圆的周长与我们之前学习过的图形的周长有什么区别?
学生:以前我们研究的图形都是由直线围成的,而圆是由曲线围成的。
2.合理猜想,确定方向。
教师:圆的周长与圆的什么有关?
学生:直径、半径。
教师:圆的周长是直径的几倍?
学生:……
教师:怎么验证你的猜测呢?
学生:量一量,算一算。
【设计意图】呈现生活情境,引导学生直观感悟什么是圆的周长。因势利导展开猜测,确定研究方向。
1.探讨设计方案。
(1)如何化曲为直?
教师:圆是曲线图形,尺子是直的,怎么办?
学生:滚一滚,绕一绕……
(2)如何减少误差?
教师:测量结果可能不准确,有什么办法尽量准确一点呢?
学生1:多量几次,选出现次数量多的数据。
学生2:用计算器计算,提高正确率。
教师:除不尽怎么办?
学生1:用分数表示。
学生2:取近似数。
教师:一般保留两位小数,比较方便。
【设计意图】圆与学生以前学习的图形有本质的区别——它是曲线图形,如何化曲为直,学生根据生活经验或预习知道用滚或绕的方法可以解决度量的问题。但如何提高准确性,遇到除不尽怎么办,这些问题对老师而言可能不是问题,对于学生而言却是陌生的,教师对此必须有充分的预设。通过讨论统一认识,为下面的实验扫除障碍。
2.操作获取数据。
小组合作测量数据,计算圆的周长与直径的比值,结果保留两位小数。
物品名称
周长
直径
周长与直径的比值
1.交流质疑。
(1)小组汇报,教师直接将结果输入电脑。
【设计意图】在授课的多媒体课件中插入了控件,学生测量和计算的结果在播放状态就可以直接输入,既增加了数据的真实性,增强了授课的互动与趣味性,又便于开展讨论。
(2)质疑不同数据。
教师:为什么测量计算的结果不相同?
学生1:测量有误差,绳子绕的松紧程度不同。
学生2:尺子不够精确,不到一毫米只能估计。
教师:是不是尺子再精确一点,测量结果就准确无误?
教师:有没有其他的方法?
教师:有没有唯一的得数?
【设计意图】讨论是必须的,对于学生的困惑不能以书本、师道尊严压服,教师应让学生畅所欲言,只有理解测量的局限性,才更能理解圆周率的特殊性。
2.概括小结。
(1)圆周率的意义及读写。(课件出示内容。)
任意一个圆的周长与它的直径的比值是一个固定不变的数,我们把它叫做圆周率,用字母表示。它是一个无限不循环小数,≈3.1415926535……但在实际应用中常常只取它的近似值,例如≈3.14。
(2)概括周长计算公式。
如果用c表示圆的周长,就有c=d或c=2r。
1.例题教学。
(1)出示教材第64页例1。
一辆自行车轮子的半径大约是33 cm,这辆自行车轮子转1圈,大约可以走多远?(结果保留整米数。)小明家离学校1 km,骑车从家到学校,轮子大约转了多少圈?
(2)学生尝试解答。
(3)规范书写。
c=2r
2×3.14×33=207.24(cm)≈2(m)
1000÷2=500(圈)
答:这辆自行车轮子转1圈,大约可以走2 m。小明骑车从家到学校,轮子大约转了500圈。
2.巩固练习。
(1)求下面各圆的周长。
①2×3.14×3=18.84(cm);
②3.14×6=18.84(cm);
③2×3.14×5=31.4(cm)。
(2)解决问题。
①一个圆形喷水池的半径是5 m,它的周长是多少米?
2×3.14×5=31.4(米)
答:它的周长是31.4米。
②小红量得一个古代建筑中的大红圆柱的周长是3.77 m。这个圆柱的直径是多少米?(得数保留一位小数。)
3.77÷3.14≈1.2(米)
答:这个圆柱的直径大约是1.2米。
【设计意图】在练习中直接加入已知周长求直径的问题,是为了培养学生的逆向思维能力。在练习时可以追问学生:已知周长怎样求半径?防止学生形成思维定势。
1.这节课你有什么收获?说一说圆的周长与直径的关系。
2.介绍中国古代对圆周率的研究及伟大成就。
【设计意图】对圆周率的研究体现了中国古代数学的高度成就,是对学生进行爱国主义教育的绝佳机会,同时也要让学生感受到现代科技的日新月异,从小树立勇攀科学高峰的科学精神。
����
����
��������ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
����
���������â²â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡£
����
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
������ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����
����1���龳���룬��ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½òµä²ë°ï¿½ï¿½ðµã¿ªï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºã°ì·¨ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ã°ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½à³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¤ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ë�����ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ò»ï¿½üµä³ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ç°ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½éµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½éµä¡ï¿½
����2���������룬è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ø£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ä²â²ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã¡£
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²â£¬è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����
����1��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������1����î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ì£¿
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2����î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¿
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1���������î£ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½2���ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ê¡ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ì£¿
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1���ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½2��è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã±£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ª¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï°öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è´ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ô´ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½öµï¿½ô¤ï¿½è¡£í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½é¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2��������è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½
����ö±ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµ
����
����1���������é¡ï¿½
������1��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ö±ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä¶ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ø¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ì¬ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½
������2�����é²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½1���������������æµï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶è²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½
����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½2�����ó²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¾ï¿½è·ò»ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½î¨ò»ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½å¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½
����2������ð¡ï¿½á¡£
������1��ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼°ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ²ï¿½ñ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.1415926535��������êµï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.14��
������2�������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
���������c��ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½c=d��c=2r��
����
����1�������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½
������1����ê¾ï¿½ì²äµï¿½64ò³ï¿½ï¿½1��
����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½33 cm���������ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ª1è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ô¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£1 km���ﳵ�ó¼òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ô¼×ªï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½
������2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½
������3���淶��ð´ï¿½ï¿½
����c=2r
����2��3.14��33=207.24��cm����2��m��
����1000��2=500��è¦ï¿½ï¿½
�������������ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ª1è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2 m��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï³µï¿½ó¼òµï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½ô¼×ªï¿½ï¿½500è¦ï¿½ï¿½
����2��������ï°ï¿½ï¿½
������1���������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������2��3.14��3=18.84��cm����
������3.14��6=18.84��cm����
������2��3.14��5=31.4��cm����
������2��������⡣
������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½øµä°ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½5 m�������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½
����2��3.14��5=31.4���ף�
�����������ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½31.4�ס�
������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä´ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3.77 m�����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3.77��3.14��1.2���ף�
���������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½1.2�ס�
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½
����
����1����ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½õ»ï¿½ëµò»ëµô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
����2�������ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½é¾í¡ï¿½
�����������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¸ß¶è³é¾í£ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ»ï¿½ï¿½á£¬í¬ê±ò²òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½æ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß·ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
《圆的周长》是六年级数学上册第一单元的内容。这部分内容是在三年级上册学习了周长的一般概念以及长方形和正方形周长的计算的基础上进一步学习圆的周长的,同时它又是学生初步研究曲线图形的开始,为以后学习圆柱、圆锥等知识打好基础,因而它起着承前启后的作用,是小学几何初步知识教学中的一项重要内容。
本节课是在学生掌握了关于长方形,正方形周长的计算方法,也认识圆的各部分名称,知道半径,直径的关系并且会画圆,能测量出圆的直径的基础上进行教学的,前面的知识为这节课的学习活动做好了铺垫。因为六年级学生正在经历从具体形象思维向抽象逻辑思维过渡的时期,所以在教学中,应从学生已有的知识和生活经验出发,通过自主探究、猜测验证、推导圆的周长计算公式,从而使学生理解公式中的固定值“π”是如何得来的。
1、知识与技能目标:使学生认识圆的周长,掌握圆周率的意义和近似值,初步理解和掌握圆周长的计算公式,能正确计算圆的周长。
2、过程与方法目标:通过动手操作、实践探究的活动,培养和发展学生的空间观念,提高学生的抽象概括能力,渗透“化曲为直”的数学思想方法。
3、情感、态度与价值观目标:通过渗透数学文化,培养学生的爱国情怀,激发学生的民族自豪感。
教学重点:推导圆的周长的计算公式。
教学难点:理解圆周率的意义。
在动物王国里,两只小蚂蚁正在进行赛跑,甲乙连只蚂蚁分别沿着正方形和圆形跑一圈,谁跑的路程长?为什么?
圆的知识系列微课(四)《圆的周长》教学设计
甲蚂蚁跑的路程:4×2=8(厘米)
要求乙蚂蚁跑的路程,就要求出圆的周长。
从图上可以看出:圆的周长就是圆一周曲线的长度。这节课我们就来研究圆的周长。
1、测量圆的周长
怎样测量圆的周长呢?
方法一 绳测法:用绳子绕圆一周,测出绳子的长度。
方法二 滚测法:把圆在直尺上滚动一周,做上记号,量出圆的周长。
利用课件展示两种测量方法。
小结;无论是滚动法还是绳绕法,大家都是把我们没学过的圆的周长转化为一条线段,这是一种很重要的数学思想方法——化曲为直。
2、探究周长与直径的关系:
(1)猜想:圆的周长与什么有关呢?
(2)测量圆的周长与直径,并填表
周长
直径
周长与直径的比值(保留两位小数)
1号圆片
2号圆片
3号圆片
(3)观察表格:你发现了什么?
圆的周长总是直径的三倍多一些。
(4)介绍圆周率:圆的周长与直径的比值是一个固定不变的数,通常我们称之为“圆周率”,用希腊字母“π”来表示,“π”是一个无限不循环小数,为了计算方便,一般我们只取它的近似数π≈3.14。(板书:圆周率,π≈3.14)
(5)渗透数学文化
师:孩子们,不仅我们发现了圆周率,古人们同样用自己的智慧得出了圆周率的值是多少。【介绍《周髀算经》中与圆的周长相关的内容以及我国古代伟大的数学家和天文学家祖冲之的故事。】
3、推倒圆的周长计算公式:
刚才我们已经知道了圆的周长始终是直径的π倍,而且知道了圆周率是个常量,如果已知直径,怎样求圆的周长呢?
生:圆的周长=直径×圆周率。(板书:圆的周长=直径×圆周率)
用字母表示圆的周长为; c=π或 c=2πr
乙蚂蚁爬过的路程为:3.14 ×2=6.28(cm)
8cm﹥6.28
甲蚂蚁爬过的路程长。
这节课你有什么收获?
圆的周长
化曲为直
圆的周长=直径×圆周率 π≈3.14
c=πd或c=2πr
������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½â²¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµä¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ôºï¿½ñ§ï°ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²×¶ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½
�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ô²ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¾¶ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»á»ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä£ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶îªï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½ê±ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹«ê½ï¿½ðµä¹ì¶ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½
����1��öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£ºê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����2�������뷽��ä¿ï¿½ê£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3����ð¡ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ê£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡£
�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»è¦ï¿½ï¿½ë�üµï¿½â·ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ïµï¿½ï¿½î¢ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����������üµï¿½â·ï¿½ì£ï¿½4��2=8�����ף�
����òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½â·ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������í¼ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
������������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ò» ���ⷨ����������ô²ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµä³ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½
���������� ���ⷨ����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¼çºå£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�������ã¿î¼ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����ð¡ï¿½ï¿½;�����ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½öºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªö±ï¿½ï¿½
����2��ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½
������1�����룺ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
������2������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½
����ö±ï¿½ï¿½
�����ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����1��ô²æ¬
����2��ô²æ¬
����3��ô²æ¬
������3���û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½
������4������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ö®îªï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½þ²ï¿½ñ��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ã£¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14�������飺ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½3.14��
������5����í¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä»ï¿½
����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ûµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½öµï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
����3���æµï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½
�����õ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¦ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½
��������ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ºô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½
��������ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½îª; c���ð»ï¿½ c��2��r
����������������â·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½3.14 ��2=6.28��cm��
����8cm��6.28
����������������â·ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½
������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½õ»ï¿½
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½
��������îªö±
����ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ð¡ï¿½3.14
����c����d��c��2��r
圆的周长
理解圆周率的意义。
探究圆的周长的计算方法。
一、导入新课
故事导入,观看后提问:
1.谁获胜呢?
2.它们对自己跑的距离产生了怀疑,都说自己跑的远……
3.拿起一个圆用手模一摸感知什么是圆的周长。
二、新课
(一)介绍测量方法:
1.绳测法。
2.滚动法。
3.教师引导学生运用“化曲为直”的
最新圆的周长教学设计理念 圆的周长教学设计人教版(28篇)
文件夹